Justice is associated with some constraint on feelings and use of machines.
Law, Justice, Robots, Algorithms
These notes were written (in French) after a work goup meeting of AFscet at Conseil d'Etat, en 2005. With ulterior revisions and translation on Jan. 2°17. .
See also an interview of Danièle Bourcier in Stic Hebdo issue #60 ( Sept. 5, 2005).
Historical Development
As early as the animal domain, individual beings become more and more complex, and that goes along with the complexity of social relations. The law of the strongest, absolute in the mineral domain, develops more mand more exceptions in favor of more sophisticated devices.
Global existence of a population demands some protection of the newborn against dominant adults. For fisthes, tha abundance of eggs tolerates that part of them are eaten by adults. In more advanced species, the mother plays this role against selfish males.
Then the rules become more and more educational and behavioral : pecking order, submission rituals, mating protocol.
Some animal species make use or external devices : urine marks the predators territories.
Mankind emergence is based on tools, for hunting and fighting (silicon), feeding (fire), and particulariy social orgaznization: tattoos, makeup, housing, power symbols (scepter, throne). This is vividly expressed in the Bible : "They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons" (Gn 3,7).
Writing opens a new era. Text allows to materialize the law. At first with comparatively short texts (stele of Hammurabi, the Ten Commandments) and, to follow on Jewish religious law, the five books in the Torah and the voluminous Talmud). You could count this evolution in number of characers, or why not, in bits.
141 AD Hong-Wou publishes a Chinese law code inspired by the T'angs.
The term "code" itself, emblematic of computer science, is linked to the emergence of a major Law corpus, the Codex Justinianus, in the early 6th century (for more precisions see wikepedia).
In the Middle Ages, Law makes an excessive use of writing.
Codes Justinianus, AD
Today, the Law is strucured in several heavy codes. The electoral code, that every voter can see next to the ballot boxes, contains nearly 1000 pages in small font.
. Cridon de Lyon Novembre 2011
Documentation juridique automatique. La réalisation du CRIDON de Lyon : SYDONI (Système de documentation notariale informatique). 1970's
Henriette Mignot
Volume -, N° Hors série, paru le 1 janvier 1971, page(s) 42-48
Litigations, judges, and the rise of "robots"
LegiFrance, 1999
Demographic expansion, life standard upgraging and technological innovation multiply the interactions between humains, hence the potention lititation.
New conflict types arise constantly, which can be solved only by amicable agreemnets of the submission of the week so the strong.
Institutiona progress allows the call to Jusice authority (separated from executive and legislative powers), with their contradictory procotos and the final decision by the intimate feeling of the juge or jury.
As soon as writing becomes sufficiently distibuted, the judges work brinds jurisprudentla bases, written customes then a Law properly speaking, more and more sophisticated and cofified.
Since Law procedures are lenthty and costly, automated processes
Les procédures judiciaires étant lourdes et coûteuses (locaux, personnel), le recours à différentes formes d'automatismes s'accroît, tant pour la prise de décision que pour son exécution.
- Dès les années 1960, les compagnies d'assurance s'entendent pour un règlement forfaitaire des petits sinistres automobiles
- Les radars routiers infligent des amendes pour excès de vitesse. Pour la forme, le document envoyé fait référence à un membre des forces de l'odre, d'ailleurs non dénommé.
- Le travail de Magali Legras (vers 2005) s'inscrit dans cette perspective comme une manière, habile mais se contentant d'outils technologiques de base (tableaux Excel faisant la synthèse de la jurisprudence, en matière de pensions alimentaires, si je me souviens bien), de faire progresser le référent plus ou moins codé.
Il est toujours possible, en théorie, de faire appel de ces décisions automatiques. Mais, par exemple pour les excès de vitesse, tout est fait pour en dissuader les contrevenants.
2016 2.3 NL 11 115 25 V 5 robotics law CACM
Voir le bouquin, 2013 SUSSKIND Richard : Tomorrow's Lawyers. An introducion to your future. Oxford University Press
Article du Monde.
Important papier:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/opinion/how-computers-are-harming-criminal-justice.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-left-region®ion=opinion-c-col-left-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-left-region&_r=0