Mankind, the wilful paradigm
Return to A digital ontology.
This work, initiated during the 1990's, is now developed in Mankind.
1. Introduction
2. Human beings are different
3. All humans are equal
4. Mankind must dominate the world
5. Human beings must not be killed
6. Human nature must not be changed
7. Machines must not decide in human matters
8. Human machine interaction
9. Analogy and digital in human relations
10. Man as the wilful paradigm
12. The “modern”, master of himself and the World
1. Introduction
Globally, this article tends to show that human nature is less "something given" than "something decided", more or less consciously, by mankind in the course of its emergence and growth. So, human species would not be exceptional by its nature, but by its decision to be exceptional.
Humanism tends to deprecate
the digital worlds, and stigmatize its binary, or more technically said,
Manichean basis. However, humanism is based on several very binary principles,
asserted as diwell as facts as moral laws:
- Human beings are radically different from any other beings, animals as well
as machines.
- Human beings are radically equal among themselves
- Human beings must not be killed
- Human beings must not be artificially made or modified
- Mankind must grow and dominate the world, and never transfer this
responsibility to machines.
But these principles are more and more difficult to justify and/or to apply. However, part from them sets issues of the most dramatic importance.
These questions are digital
in several ways, and two main ones:
- genetics is deeply digital (though no totally),
- decision processes are digital: the binary choice of life and death, and the
programmatic aspects of intervention, as well as the textual nature of law
(though the text may be limited to specify a "human" decision
process, residing basically in "absolute conviction" of a person or a
group of persons.
These issues take all their dimensions in our times, when the "word" has become really powerful through law, science and computer technologies, and the same time the textual nature of life is more and more deeply known. In some way, nature and art converge as just different ways of sending our "word" into the "world". Let us just hope that it will be more welcome that in the St John's gospel!
The hardware/software distinctions emerge with the first computers, from the mere fact that a unification rule is imposed: machine will acquire programs and data through the same channel (Von Neumann machine). By this time, punched cards and tapes. In both cases, they are sequences of characters (decimal on punched cards, binary but grouped in 6 or 8 holes per line on tape), what we call call "rasters". A program is a command sequence. Data are what is processed. So are separated operands from operators.
2. Human beings are neither animals nor machines
Human exception The human beings are radically different. Different from animal as well as machine. But not gods anyvay, even if somehow they may "become God"
The border issue is crucial
for the application of the laws below. We meet it in many directions, with
very practical consequences::
- at birth, and the pro-life problem,
- at death and with some forms mental handicaps or other extreme forms of
handicap ; and the suicide/euthanasy problem,
- with animals, since more and more the limit with the most advanced monkeys is
extremely thin; on this point, the thesis is developped for instance by [Schaeffer 2007]
- with computers, since artificial intelligence makes steady, though very slow
progress.
At birth, with the pro-life/pro-choice issues.
At death and degradation with euthanasia or any voluntarily ended life. Or with criminals.
With animals, the issue has lengthy origins, with high points in the French repression of catharism during the Middle Ages, for instance. And practical aspect, since we eat animal meat... which has made question for long: it is evoked in the first chapters of the Bible, after the salvation of the Noah family! Mankind was borne with two digital roots : genome and language. These two points may, in a first approach, separate him radically from any other kind of being.
Genome: is human only who is child of two other human beings, who bring him a combination of human genomes.Genomics has confirmed the specificity of human genome... along with the few number of specific human genes.
Language : if tools and some kinds of symbols are considered important marks in the emergence of man, articulate language is the more meaningful step. It is on this point that |Schaeffer 2007] elaborates his reflexions on human exception, starting from Husserl's positions.
With the years passing and science growing, the limit seems more and more thin with the most advanced monkeys. It goes so for our early ancestors, with apparently progressive acquisition of human traits, from tool making to symbolic behaviour. But arguments to a strong transition and no important progress on the fundamentals may find argument in the high quality of very ancient cave paintings.
In some way, the trench before humans and other animals have been explicitly deepened by the winner variety, homo sapiens, pushing the Neanderthalians to extinction, and killing (for security or greed or biotope reduction) the high level mammals.
Some fiction authors have dealt with the issue, for instance Vercors in Les animaux dénaturés (Albin Michel 1952) or, more recently Michael Crichton in Next (Harper & Collins 2006).
With machines, the question arose only when machines reached a pertinent complexity level.
Descartes,
The fear of confusion between men human and non human takes to create and clean up a sort of sanitarian zone around, and to feel ill at ease when some beings stay there.
With machines, there is the "uncanny valley" phenomenon. And frequently derision, as exerted so brilliantly by Tinguely, for instance.
At present, he gap between AI and human (even animal) intelligence is still wide. The computers are to day considerably more powerful than in Turing's times. But neurosciences have also shown that neurons in a human brain must be counted by hundreds of billions (ten times more than in the 60s, if my memory is correct).
IBM's Watson machine wins the Jeopardy game (2011).
Some kinds of AI have been real failures, mainly the "expert systems" in the 1980s-1990s. But several milestones have been reached, notably the Deep Blue victory over Kasparov. A lot of computerized processes are smart to high point . But it is no longer fashionable to talk of it. Even for Deep Blue, the book of... show the reluctance, even for the IBM sponsor, to highlight the victory. The victory of IBM's Watson machine at the Jeopardy game marked another important step. See our post.
Here we must deal with a basic question : how far can a lot of words, at start devised for human features, be used about machines : intelligence, emotion, decision, sense/meaning, liberty, creativity... ? The basis of our answer is simple : as far as we know how to make the difference between men and machines, the use of these words for machines is a kind of metaphor, not without dangers, but useful and natural : we talk of a table legs, of a plane wings, etc. In some cases, it is prudent to mark the metaphorical character of this use. When and where the border blurs, one should be particularly prudent, but not self suppressive when these word support efficiently the thought process.
3. All humans are equal
The basis was explicitly formulated by Jesus : "And the King... shall answer... Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one or the least of these my brethren, ye have done it into me" (Matthew, 25,40) and Paul "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus" (Galatians 3, 29).
Colonization from Renaissance to the 19th century made of it a practical reality. De-colonization may be taken as a step upward, with political equality completing the cultural sharing of the Christian heritage everywhere, and the importation of foreign cultures in the Christian Word. Even economic equality in some way progressing, but along with a growing gap everywhere. Globalization by private enterprise is perhaps doing more for global equality than the Christian message. Communautarism is condemned.
Technological progress has contributed to realize the unity of mankind, e.g. physical transportation and information distribution (printing, then electronic communication, and more recently Internet).
For a lot of people, the
equality imperative forbids to look scientifically for differences between
humans, specially on gender and race basis. Ethnic statistics are forbidden in
The 19th century anthropology is considered as totally unfounded today. Genomics at first emphasized the unity of Human species. Recent progress may reverse the trend, showing that genetic mutation rate tends to increase, and not in the way of unity.
Pushed to its logic, this
fundamental law would oblige to distribute all the world resources on a per
head basis. Its immediate application would destroy the whole world economic
life, for the final benefit of nobody. It has been balanced, from start, by
other prescriptions:
- the basic equality in rights let places for economic differing statuses,
- some needs differ with age, gender and health
- the same for responsibility,
- different countries may differ in legislation as well as in economic
development ; principle of nationality in the XIX th century. Cujus regio, ejus
religio from the 17th century (Westphalia Treaty, 1648).
However, individuality must be preserved.
4. Mankind must dominate the world
Conversely, mankind must dominate over the rest of the world. "Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it ; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth". (Gn I, 28). That mastership demand extends itself naturally to artefacts. A major practical consequence is that artefacts must no reproduce by themselves. In fiction, the situation becomes dramatically dangerous when this happens, for instance with the "beings" in Matrix, or in the older legend of The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Goethe's poem, in music by Paul Dukas, an animation film, part of Disney's Fantasia). Computer is a plague. Artificial life is basically a game
Domination implies responsibility.
5. Human beings must not be killed
Thou shalt not kill (even yourself). This law has always been subject to a lot of exceptions : self-defence, death penalty, legitimate war. Abortion and euthanasia have added new dimensions.
At birth.
For intra-uteral life, scientific data shows the riches of life rather early in
the pregnancy period, as well as the riches of interactions between foetus and
mother. Moreover, echography and other tools give richer and richer views of
the foetus, creating early relations, if not dialogue, even with the father.
This knowledge and possible relation plays both ways, in the "moral"
line :
- it strengthens the resistance to abortion, as the richness of intra-uteral
life shows it deep and sentimental value
- it gives way to early diagnosis of defects, crippleness or any innate defect,
hence encourages systematic abortion of non-conform foetuses.
Progress on this way will augment the responsibility of medicine professionals,
family and the whole social body in choosing to give life or not.
For death and handicaps, medicine give the way of keeping in
life bodies in quite any state of deterioration. Then, death is more and more
frequently the result of a decision, mainly by the medical doctor, with family
concertation. We are going towards a world where death by accident and even
illness becomes the exception, and explicitly decided end of life the rule. A
general generalization to all nations seems in progress.
Economical progress makes it possible to keep alive the dangerous individuals. More information is available to judge (with a notable contribution of genetic information). And more subtle penalties may be applied (electronic bracelet for instance).
For animals, the law has for long times be more or less extended. Think for instance at the Buddha legend trying not to crush beetles when walking. But also a progressive extension to most advanced animals. To every animals for vegetarians (but evidently for bacteria). Shall we reach a point when even cutting corn will be considers shocking, and the only acceptable food synthesized from minerals? Mankind aided by machines would become autotrophic (Wikipedia).
Beyond the individual protection of animals, the aim to preserve every species is more strongly felt (biodiversity). The question may arise for human sub-groups, or, more easily said, for cultures and communities. That may lead to arbitration between values : some cultures are tied to poverty, lack of medicine, lack of scientific education. Shall we sacrifice the culture or the individuals ? Who will do the choice...
For machines, the law tends to be extended to advanced artefacts : historical monuments, some particular machines (at least samples of series in technological museums) and one hear talk about "robot rights".
6. Human beings must not be changed
Thou shalt not create nor modify human beings, other than the "natural" way, by the union of man and woman, pregnancy and birth. At its extreme, this law prohibits any intervention, from abortion and birth control to any aided procreation techniques, and of course eugenics or even the voluntary choice of a sexual partner based on any other quality than "feeling" or "chance" ("coup de foudre"). Society cannot live without a minimum of control over sexual and genetic activities, would it be only to preserve women again the violence of men's impulses!
Hence, there is here an immense "gap", which we can penetrate into, using all we have said above. The gap is frequently painful, physically, intellectually and morally. It for a part due directly to language : mankind needs language to be itself, but language is a finite tool and can never encompass the considerable complexity of beings, and specially of the most complex of all beings, mankind itself.
But, like art uses the gaps to create and give style even to the most humble beings and actions, efforts in the philosophical, moral, social, and political dimensions spring hence to create civilization.
As for the four human issues, how can we see progresses, hopes, or simply views for our present and future, in particular due to the some kind of exponential growth (see for instance our LHD hypothesis).
The digital progress has to say as well about the internal text (genomics) as well as about the external (language and information technology). The end of 20th century was the moment of an encounter of the two human texts.
That is perhaps the more complex issue, because here it is not just question of life and death, but of a set of choices about a future life. The more or less "eugenist" stand, about the normal genetic way or reproduction is extended by the possibilities of cloning and various genetic interventions. The issue is still more extended to modifications of body (if not of soul) by the vast range of techniques available, from drugs to chirurgy and to external implants be they biological (from other humans, from non human organisms) or not (artificial members, electronic chips).
At one extreme, we let "nature" decide of everything. Few people can seriously stay in this position.
A the other extreme, procreation becomes a form of engineering. The motivations themselves may range from the "highest general good" to racist endeavours as well as to fancy specification of the future chills as if it would be some kind of pet, the "design babies". See bio-art.
Mankind shall have to trace its way into the wide space opened between these two extremes.
One thing seems certain: if mankind continues to grow without better control of itself, it goes to destruction in decades to come...
7. Machines must not decide in human matters
The French law "Informatique et libertés" states (1978 law, Article 10) "Aucune décision de justice impliquant une appréciation sur le comportement d'une personne ne peut avoir pour fondement un traitement automatisé de données à caractère personnel destiné à évaluer certains aspects de sa personnalité. Aucune autre décision produisant des effets juridiques à l'égard d'une personne ne peut être prise sur le seul fondement d'un traitement automatisé de données destiné à définir le profil de l'intéressé ou à évaluer certains aspects de sa personnalité".
In more general words : machine must not decide in human matters. They may be auxiliary tools, no more. In France, the speed recording of cars by radars and the automatic fine assignment to offenders has been, rather theoretically, tempered by naming a police officer on the fine advice.
It remains that the power of machines and technologies have been considered as a threat for humanities for very long times. In Gn 4.1. Abel, the peaceful shepherd, is killed by Cain, which may mean "blacksmith". What is more troublesome is that this negative image plays a major role in the great mythological sagas of today, as Tolkien The Lord of the Rings of Starwars. When a first episode appeared on the screens, it could be hoped that R2D2 ant 6PO would play a significant role, and open exploratory views on the robot/human fringes. The mere fact that there were two robots, the first dustbin like and the other one more android, and that their speech modes had been carefully worked out encouraged these expectations. The rest of the saga let them down.
After half a century,
Asimov's I, Robot (Signet books, 1958) stands alone in its
unprejudiced stand, not only with its famed "three laws of robotics",
but also and mainly with its conclusion (The more recent film chose a very
different one, though interesting also), The dialogue is supposed to take place
in 2058 between the world Co-ordinator and Susan Calvin, robopsychologist :
" - But you are telling me, Susan... that Mankind has lost its own say in
its future.
- It never had any, really. It was always at the mercy of economic and
sociological forces it did not understand - at the whims of climate and the
fortunes of war. Now the Machines understand them ; and no one can stop them,
since the Machines will deal with them as they are dealing with the Society, -
having, as they do, the greatest of weapons at their disposal, the absolute
control of our economy.
- How horrible !
- Perhaps how wonderful ! Think; that for all time, all conflicts are finally
evitable. Only the Machines, from now on, are inevitable ! "
Asimov (as far as I know) did not elaborate further. Can men really accept that ?
Utilitarianism may be considered as another condemned kind of reliance on machines to decide in human matters, if we take "happiness calculus" as programmable.
I would personally conclude on the formal undecidabilty of human limits. A great lot of reflexion tries to find some decisive criterion which would, without possible discussion, trace the line between what is human and what is not, be it animal, machine, or birth/death. If there was such a "scientific" criterion, such a "proof", which could solve our conscience problems in birth control, euthanasia, decisions about animals or robots, that would mean that we would have designed a kind of machine to decide in our place. Can we really accept it ?
That perhaps goes up to the point of preventing any scientific definition of mankind, of a human nature, if not as anti-nature. The human being is fundamentally the undetermined. And he alone can prove to himself, ant to other human beings that he belongs there.
8. Human machine interaction
Until now, when there is a
gap between reason and the world, the robot stops, humans finds a solution. The robot
cannot go through the same gaps
human, computer, when it is unpredicted ?
Human is better
- because large processing capability, memory
- strong neumannian indifferenciation, autonomy raise, not in physical
distance, but in terms of difference in confrontable environments
Progressive transfer to machines
The being will take part in
the diagnosis, but is no more perfect in his role. From which level of being
could we use the word "sin" ? We need a sufficient modelling of human
attitudes in respect to bad.
We find again the general issue a raising digital message, from the only go-no
go bit to the long cry of the sad poet.
See also the predictive
editor:
- know the user, sense what he himself would feel as a fault, model his typical
fallibility
- idem for a collective user; tolerate the fault, take it in charge or reject
it (or ask for confirmation), ignore it (do well against the will of the
user...)
- ignore the fault
- correct it and inform the user
see also predicting editor
- take is a spring-board for leaning.
Sin is born with/from conscience. A certain way of understanding the "defect".
Human machine interface (and interaction)
Regularly, efforts are made to replace linguistic expressions by more intuitive symbols, less related to linguistic communities. That takes to mostly graphics systems of symbols, that may be very effective (road signs, for instance), but have rather narrow limits.
The dialectics
digitization/return to analogy (watches, multimeters), Richaud. But this way
back is taken only for HMI, not interesting in EDI.
A limit: electronic saxophone caresse, gestual control. Note remarks of d'Udine
about small offsets aroud the exact measure. What would have he said about the
sequencers quantizing ?
Thesis. Due to the limitation of human senses, beyond some level of resolution, digital (discrete) is perceived as continuous. Images, and so more, moving images.
The analogy slope of any code (more generally, of any construct), so digital be it, has something positive: it helps to use it in reasonable conditions.
Let us take the French RNIPP code. A purely digital, optimized code would oblige, in any user system, a table giving the main features of any person. The present code, with its explicit and separate coding of gender and birth region, let rather simple machines do a lot of basic operations, without any external references. (Eventually, it was designed for the punched card machine systems which were operated in the 1930-1950's.
And, of course, this analogy slope helps also human beings to use these documents and constructs. The more digitized they are, the less users can directly understand them and operate with them. The case or programming is topical, from source code to the executable binary. But here, today, that is partly hidden by the graphical interface, which is not textual (as such). An,
Any progress in digitization implies an "externalization" of codes, which are parted from the messages, and perhaps from the exchange partners.
At end, nothing would be kept in the messages as well as in the partners, but the fundamental bit which triggers the dialogue or the action. The "Go", or the push on the Nuclear bomb button.
In practice, the optimal digitization degree depends on the cultural level of persons as well as on the technological level at which they operate.
9. Analogy and digital in human relations. Antropomorphism
Analogy is pleasant. Examples and images give better conviction than abstract theory. But it works only in local conditions. Beyond their borders, analogies prove to be excessively fuzzy. And is not easily additive.
Digital is rigid, but supports development and progress. Law begins by a formalization of customs. Then it organizes itself more formally, and ultimately in codes, as has shown Danièle Bourcier. And we shall go further in digitization.
10. Man as the wilful paradigm
Beyond Darwin .
Mankind progress goes no longer with a radical betterment of the individual, but with better social groups (using more sophisticated technologies). A quantitative growth of these groups is good is growth is what is looked for, but demands evolution in communication technology (including "connectique"). It would be interesting to quantify this thesis, if it can be experimentally tested.
12 The “modern”, master of himself and the Word
See identity.
12. 6. Democracy(to be edited)
How pleasant, and somehow perverse, it would be to prove that democracy is the best of systems !
Democracy is a good
organization:
- due to DR, since limited rationality does not let work rationally for
everybody
- by individual specialisation, possible and natural in a free system
- by psychological satisfaction to have part of the power
- by statistical compensation of errors, which is not the case for lone leader.
Note that political powers separation as a digitalization
We can try to model
democracy in our beings universe. Let B a fixed number population of S, in a
fixed space, witch margin and background
Interaction between entities. L increases. For one S of which functions are
completely defined, there can be no random. Even a random gives always the same
result. But may be noise, DR applied to internal space
Human exceptional : conscience, immortality, complexity without space emotion, liberty.
9. Kaufmann
Gazzaniga
. [15] Condorcet
16 Nora Minc
17 Verne 2889
18 Carmille
27 Azuma
Rosanvallon
32 Sloterdijk
33 Brain to computer
34 Open CV
Virtual humans
36 Haraway
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