B
<
Background. A basic function for any graphic software, and even a word processor. See [Gonzalez], [Flash], [Photoshop]...
Baker
- Baker's transform. An optical tranformation, applicable to images. Used for instance by Stéphane Trois Carrés for his Electronic Wallpaper.
- Optical realization of the baker’s transformation (PDF) by
J. H. Hannayt, J. P. Keating and A. M. Ozorio de Almeidas.
Balance. Tools to get the best equilibrium of shapes, colors, sound tracks...
Band pass.
- For textures, see [Ebert].
- The higher it is, the more beautiful are the results.
Example of a banner, for a web news magazine.
Banner. (1980-2000 years term)
- Ad on a web page. Commercial banner on a Web page.
- Printing mode (on an indefinitely wide paper).
Bank.
- of sounds.
- of images/pictures.
- of data: see base.
Baroque.
- Digital Baroque. New media art and cinematic folds, by Timothy Murray University of Minnesota Press 2008.
The data base model of Generation Otaku, by Hiroki Azuma ( 2001).
Base.
- Graphic computing: layer [Photoshop].
- Data base: See special notice
. Used in artistic projects, see Legrady, Muntadas, RYbN, and the Net Art.
. A Japanese concept about post-modernism and the Otaku generation.
. Data base in Roxame, see Roxame Assets.
BD. Standard name, more commonly termed Blue ray disc, blue-ray or bluray. Wikipedia.
Beatbox. See instruments.
Beautiful, beauty
- Generally speaking.
See aesthetics.
- Beauty of the body. See perfume, hairdo, fabrics, jewelry.
. Cosmetics : some research works at Université de Reims, Céline Loscos. f
Behavioral (art) , behaviour, behavior.
- Behavioral art: an art giving life to entities (agents,
beings, robots, NPC...) with behaviors showing some level
of autonomy. The issue of "absolutely autonomous"
beings is a metaphysical problem that we shall not deal
with here. [Aziosmanoff], in his book
Living art (CNRS Editions 2010) makes a lot to
define behavioral art (or work of art), even defining a
"behavior
-
See living art. See notes.
- List of steering behaviors and references by Craig Reynolds.
- In interaction design see [Janet Murray].
- Robotics see [Breazeal].
< Behavioral programming, by David Harel, Assaf Marron and Gera Weiss. CACM July 2012.
<
De l'interactivité à l'autonomie comportementale d'une création. by Michel Bret. Brouillard Précis, Marseille 2001.
- Subject of the thesis of Elise Aspord.
<
Behavioral Animation, a chapter signed by Jean-Sébastien Monzani, Anthony Guye-Vuilleme and Etienne de Sevin. in [Magnenat].
- Notes about behavioral animation on the Irisa website.
- Neurosciences [Gazzaniga].
- The behavioral art according to Daily Planet, 11/30/2009.
- Video of behavioral art on the Waterloo bridge in London.
Image of a being, by Alain Lioret.
Being. See our special notice.
Bevel. See [Processing], [Photoshop].
Bidirectional (B-frame). See [Gonzalez].
Big data. See special notice
Bilinear ( matte). See [Agoston].
Biological art (here a work by Honf) is not necessarily digital, though computers are at work to drive the processes. But this form of art is one of the ways which converge towards "machinic life", synthesis of biology and computer techniques, and is the natural skyline of generative art
Bimedia. Joint use of paper and Internet. "Several local editions of the Parisien are experimenting the bimedia" (Le Monde du 5/10/2011).
Binding. Textures, see [Ebert].
Bio art. See special notice.
Biography. There is nearly no bibliography in diccan. For two reasons :
-
Wikipedia, art press and/or the artists websites are in general well documented on this topic. And we give links to them.
- It's more difficult and useful to comment the works. We translate here Paul Valéry
(Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci): "... the author, fortunately,
is never the man. The life of the latter is not the life of the former. All critics are dominated
by an outmoded principle: man is the works cause, as the criminal is the cause of crime.
Actually, they are its effect more than else! But this pragmatic principle makes easier
the judge's work: biography is simpler than analysis. It teaches nothing about what we mostly look
for... More! The true life of a man, always ill defined, even for his neighbor, is of no use to explain his works,
if not indirectly and to the cost of a very careful elaboration".
- Nevertheless, in diccan indexes, mainly for synthesis and statistical analyzes,
we give the country (birth or residence according to the cases) and the decade of the first digital work by this artist.
Biorthogonal. A feature of some filters, by which they are apt to good reconstructions from sub-bands. See [Gonzalez].
The bit depth is the number of bits used to code a color. The most frequent depth is 24, with 8 for each of the three primary colors (RGB), plus sometimes 8 for the transparency (alpha channel). The schema here is from a tutorial by University of Cambridge
Bit.
- Bit-depth: depth in bits of a pixel [Brinkmann]
or of a sound sample (in this case, must me combined with the sample rate to indicate the recording quality).
- Bit plane. A coding and processing technique which limits inter-pixels redundancy.
See [Gonzalez] p. 448 sq.
- More in special notice.
Bitmap. A set of pixels (possibly,
voxels) representing an image as a raster of points (pixels), each one with its own color.
- Programming: [Foley], [Flash],
[Photoshop].
Blade. Generally used in plural.
- A component of musical instruments, mainly music boxes
(Wikipedia), harmonicas and accordions.
See instruments.
- A kind of computer hardware, for example PCs or
servers.
Blending.
- There are two basic methods to blend colors: additive
and subtractive. But many others can be thought of.
It is an aspect of compositing.
- Programming: [Foley], [Processing], [Photoshop].
Blind.
- See Handicap.
- Blind deconvolution is an image restauration technique, using a degradation function. See [Gonzalez] p. 256.
Blink. See [Flash].
One of the first blob architectures, by Lars Spuybroek (NOX) and Kas Oosterhuis. Called The Water Pavilion (1993-1997).
Blob. Binary large
object. A priori; it has no particular structure. It may be an image, for example. .
- The term was created (admittedly by Greg Lynn) to denote, in data bases, fields
assigned to data much heavier than a traditional variagle.
These files can be dealt with as any other fields,
according to their type, of course (you cannot
arithmetically multiply an image by another one).
- In architecture [Picon]
indicates that the term has been important aroud the
eighties, but that its use is declining at the beginning of
this centure. He comments " The arbitrary development
of volumes could explain the dramatic waning of the
blobs... in spite of their diffusion beyond the borders of
digital architecture proper". (Our approximate
translation of "Le degré d'arbitraire qui
semble s'attacher aux volumes pourrait bien expliquer le
déclin spectaculaire des blobs... malgré leur
diffusion au-delà des frontière de
l'architecture numérique proprement
dite").
Blog, blogosphere. See the online dictionary of blogs.
- About blogs and transmedia, several notes in [Rose] and [Bernardo].
< Technomedia. Jeunes, musique et blogosphère. by Anne Petiau. Seteun 2011. The author is a sociologist.
< Créez le bloc parfait, les trucs ultimes pour un bon workflow avec votre CMS. Five pages in Web Design 12/2010.
- A blog, rigorously structured and daily augmented since 1999 is "Le crépuscule des jours" combining poetry, wisdom and photography.
Blue Ray, or bluray, or blue-ray, popular names for the standard BD term.
Bluescreen. [Brinkmann] . See alpha channel.
Blur, blurring. These basic functiosn are very common, and the simple ones are easy to write. But they can be heavy in computation time.
- For stump, see [Brinkmann], [Gonzalez], [Java], [Processing], [Roxame]n [Photoshop]. The simplest
method is to take the average of values on a region of
pixels typcally 3x3 or 5x5) centered on the target pixel.
The processing time grows rapidly when the region size is
increased.
- Median blur. Instead of the average, you sort the values
of the pixels in the region, and choose the median one (for
instance, the 4th high one on a matrix of 9). The result
looks frequently cleaner that the average blur. But the
computation times grows even more rapidly with the matrix
size.
- Random blur. It is not exactly a "blur", but
gives pleasant results. Principle: replace the color of the
target pixel by the color of a pixel chosen at random, in a
region around the target pixel, as above. Here, the
computation time does not grow when the zone is enlarged.
You can find source (very easy) in [Roxame].
- On images [Bres] tells about movement blur.
- On regions, the blur issues are presented by Ken Perlin in [Ebert] pp. 337 sq.
- Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic are not, as far as we know, used in digital arts.
Body
- Representation of the body: model, poser, expression (including face,
gesture) , eye,
texture, animation, uncanny valley, cloth (see fabrics);
- Perception of the body by the work: perception (including sensors, capture ), camera, vision, eye-tracking, brain-to-computer.
< Recovering the Body. A Philosophical Story. by Carol Collier. The University of Ottawa Press, 2013.
< Body hacking. Pirater son corps et redéfinir l'humain. by Cyril Fievet. FYP 2012. Interview in Internet Actu, July 2012. Nothing artistic, but a lot of examples, mostly of electronic implants.
< Mon corps est une manette (Aymeric Renou, in Le Parisien du 11/10//2010, about Microsoft Kinect).
- Information to tye body: haptics, pain.
- Position of the spectator: types of media, global attitudes
- Human body of performance arts: dance, projections on the body
- Cyborgs, body hacking, handicap.
- Robot bodies.
Bold, boldness.
- (Text). The thickness of lines forming a letter is higher than on the standard font.
- (Image). A line may be more or less thick. Thickness is more appropriate here than boldness.
Book, Bookshop, bookstore . See diccan's notice.
The book reader of tomorrow, seen by Maurice Mechan
Boost. Filtering , see [Gonzalez].
Border . Many pages in [Bres]. A function in [Java].
Boundary, bounding box.
Programming: [Brinkmann], [Foley], [Agoston], [Zomorodian], [Processing] and a lot of things in [Gonzalez].
Boxcar. Smoothing filter [Cocquerez] p.139.
Brain/computer and brain to brain communication. See note.
Brand. See property.
Breeder, breeding. Developing a population, focusing mainly on individual beings and their reproduction.
- In artificial life software, opposed to biotopes by [Whitelaw].
- In bio-art, breeding and gardening are traditional forms of art.
- See [Berger-Lioret].
Bresenham. Drawing algorithm [Foley].
Brick.
- [Ebert] uses this example to explain procedural textures.
- A general name for "component".
Broadcast, broadcasting. See Wikipedia's specific terminology
Brightness (luminosity).
- [Foley], [Gonzalez].
Brownian (movement) [Ebert] gives here long pages (fBm, fractional Brownian motion).
Brush.
- For text display, a color parameter.
- See notably [Flash], [Photoshop]. Example (in Processing, program by Xavier Gouchet).
Brushes are shapes who afford to generate sophisticated drawings from the mouse, graphic tablet or a procedural program..
B-Spline. Line drawing algorithms. [Foley], [Seul].
BSC. Binary symmetric channel. Binary code reliability technique. See [Gonzalez] p. 428.
Bubble.
-
On comic strips, also called balloons. Wikipedia. Their automatic placement could be programmed.
- In show halls, bubble machines or blowers may be taken as an effort for digital systems.
Bug. See glitch.
< Archéologie du bug. A 4 pages article by Christophe Bruno and Emmanuel Guez, in MCD Sept-Oct-Nov 2014.
Bump-mapping. Algorithms to modify the surfaces normal vectors in order to simulate holes or bumps. See [Foley] . [Ebert] shows how to do this kind of computation.
Bundle Adjustment. Wikipedia: Given a set of images depicting a number of 3D points from different viewpoints, bundle adjustment can be defined as the problem of simultaneously refining the 3D coordinates describing the scene geometry as well as the parameters of the relative motion and the optical characteristics of the camera(s) employed to acquire the images, according to an optimality criterion involving the corresponding image projections of all
Butterworth. A category of filters (high pass, low pass, band rejection, slots). Used notably for noise reduction. See [Bres] or [Gonzalez].
Button. Graphical object for screen interaction. [Java], [Flash]…
BYOA. Bring Your Own Animation. One of the Paris ACM Siggraph activities.
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